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Unverified Commit 66ea4a60 authored by Sankalp Gambhir's avatar Sankalp Gambhir
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Grammatical updates for part 2

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4 merge requests!54Front integration,!53Front integration,!52Front integration,!43General grammatical updates for reference manual
...@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ ...@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
An extension by definition is the formal way of introducing new symbols in a mathematical theory. An extension by definition is the formal way of introducing new symbols in a mathematical theory.
Theories can be extended into new ones by adding new symbols and new axioms to it. We're interested in a special kind of extension, called \textit{conservative extension}. Theories can be extended into new ones by adding new symbols and new axioms to it. We're interested in a special kind of extension, called \textit{conservative extension}.
\begin{defin}[Conservative Extension] \begin{defin}[Conservative Extension]
A theory $\mathcal{T}_2$ is a conservative extension over a theory $\mathcal{T}_1$ if: A theory $\mathcal{T}_2$ is a conservative extension of a theory $\mathcal{T}_1$ if:
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
\item $\mathcal{T}_1 \subset \mathcal{T}_2$ \item $\mathcal{T}_1 \subset \mathcal{T}_2$
\item For any formula $\phi$ in the language of $\mathcal{T}_1$, if $\mathcal{T}_2 \vdash \phi$ then $\mathcal{T}_1 \vdash \phi$ \item For any formula $\phi$ in the language of $\mathcal{T}_1$, if $\mathcal{T}_2 \vdash \phi$ then $\mathcal{T}_1 \vdash \phi$
...@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Moreover, in that case we require that ...@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Moreover, in that case we require that
$$ $$
\exists ! y. \phi_{y, x_1,...,x_k} \exists ! y. \phi_{y, x_1,...,x_k}
$$ $$
is a theorem of $\mathcal{T}_1$ is a theorem of $\mathcal{T}_1$.
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
\end{defin} \end{defin}
...@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ We also say that a theory $\mathcal{T}_k$ is an extension by definition of a the ...@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ We also say that a theory $\mathcal{T}_k$ is an extension by definition of a the
For function definition, it is common in logic textbooks to only require the existence of $y$ and not its uniqueness. The axiom one would then obtain would only be $\phi[f(x_1,...,x_n)/y]$ This also leads to conservative extension, but it turns out not to be enough in the presence of axiom schemas (axioms containing schematic symbols). For function definition, it is common in logic textbooks to only require the existence of $y$ and not its uniqueness. The axiom one would then obtain would only be $\phi[f(x_1,...,x_n)/y]$ This also leads to conservative extension, but it turns out not to be enough in the presence of axiom schemas (axioms containing schematic symbols).
\begin{lemma} \begin{lemma}
In ZF, an extension by definition without uniqueness doesn't necessarily yields a conservative extension if the use of the new symbol is allowed in axiom schemas. In ZF, an extension by definition without uniqueness doesn't necessarily yield a conservative extension if the use of the new symbol is allowed in axiom schemas.
\end{lemma} \end{lemma}
\begin{proof} \begin{proof}
In ZF, consider the formula $\phi_c := \forall x. \exists y. (x \neq \emptyset) \implies y \in x$ expressing that nonempty sets contain an element, which is provable in ZFC. In ZF, consider the formula $\phi_c := \forall x. \exists y. (x \neq \emptyset) \implies y \in x$ expressing that nonempty sets contain an element, which is provable in ZFC.
...@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ For the definition with uniqueness, there is a stronger result than only conserv ...@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ For the definition with uniqueness, there is a stronger result than only conserv
\begin{defin} \begin{defin}
A theory $\mathcal{T}_2$ is a fully conservative extension over a theory $\mathcal{T}_1$ if: A theory $\mathcal{T}_2$ is a fully conservative extension over a theory $\mathcal{T}_1$ if:
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
\item It is conservative \item it is conservative, and
\item For any formula $\phi_2$ with free variables $x_1, ..., x_k$ in the language of $\mathcal{T}_2$, there exists a formula $\phi_1$ in the language of $\mathcal{T}_1$ with free variables among $x_1, ..., x_k$ such that \item for any formula $\phi_2$ with free variables $x_1, ..., x_k$ in the language of $\mathcal{T}_2$, there exists a formula $\phi_1$ in the language of $\mathcal{T}_1$ with free variables among $x_1, ..., x_k$ such that
$$\mathcal{T}_2 \vdash \forall x_1...x_k. (\phi_1 \leftrightarrow \phi_2)$$ $$\mathcal{T}_2 \vdash \forall x_1...x_k. (\phi_1 \leftrightarrow \phi_2)$$
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
\end{defin} \end{defin}
...@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ An extension by definition with uniqueness is fully conservative. ...@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ An extension by definition with uniqueness is fully conservative.
\end{thm} \end{thm}
The proof is done by induction on the height of the formula and isn't difficult, but fairly tedious. The proof is done by induction on the height of the formula and isn't difficult, but fairly tedious.
\begin{thm} \begin{thm}
If an extension $\mathcal{T}_2$ of a theory $\mathcal{T}_1$ with axiom schemas is fully conservative, then for any instance of the axiom schemas of an axiom schemas $\alpha$ containing a new symbol, $\Gamma \vdash \alpha$ where $\Gamma$ contains no axiom schema instantiated with new symbols. If an extension $\mathcal{T}_2$ of a theory $\mathcal{T}_1$ with axiom schemas is fully conservative, then for any instance of the axiom schemas containing a new symbol $\alpha$, $\Gamma \vdash \alpha$ where $\Gamma$ contains no axiom schema instantiated with new symbols.
\end{thm} \end{thm}
\begin{proof} \begin{proof}
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